Hadar Hallström (*1853;†1928), Eskilstuna.

Pär Hadar Adalbert Hallström, born 17th October 1853 in Östersund, to Gabriel Persson Hällström and Matilda Lovisa Margareta Esberg. He graduated engineer at the Polytechnikum (ETH) in Zurich in 1877.

In 1881 Hallström came to Eskilstuna and received a position as an engineer at Ståhlberg's table knife factory. In 1882 he founded the Hadar Hallström factory in Eskilstuna, specialising in the production of pocket knives. From 1882-1889 the factory was located in the gamla sliphuset (old grinding house) at Hamngatan, then relocated to a modern factory building at Tullgatan 5 [10]. It quickly developed into the largest of its industry in the Scandinavian countries. Hadar Hallström was the first in Sweden to use modern development methods in the industry. He used machines that he himself had designed, constructed and manufactured, thus changing the traditional artisanal way of making knives. The factory's production of drawing instruments commenced in 1891 [4]. Much of the production was sold abroad, mainly to America and Russia. The company received several awards for its knives, both in Sweden and abroad. In 1915, 116 different pocket knife models and 627 different variants of these were sold. Hadar Hallström was a board member in several different companies, including Frans Nyzells Metall- & Galvaniserings AB and Eskilstuna Metalletsnings AB. In 1917 he sold the company to John Elmqvist, whom transformed the company into Eskilstuna Knivfabriks Aktiebolag, the name later shortened to EKA-knivar AB. On 6 July 1916 Hallström became managing director of the Eskilstuna Stads Sparbank [5]. He died in 1928. A number of mathematical instruments by Hällström are found in the collection of the Tekniska Museet Stockholm.

Carl Särenholm (*1863), Eskilstuna.

Inventor and merchant Carl Särenholm had long occupied a prominent place among Eskilstima's industrialists. Born on September 9, 1863 in Småland, he came to Eskilstuna in 1878 out of a whim of fate and learned here from engineer Liljeqvist [7] how to file saw teeth. Then he worked for Matts Norrström [8], a maker of drawing instruments, and in 1884 he began to manufacture these himself. In 1886, gifted with a fellow scholarship from both the April Foundation and the state, Särenholm travelled to Berlin and worked for Siemens & Halske. He then walked across the Alps to Milan and worked for a telephone company. Again, he went partly on foot, partly by train to Paris and worked there for a little more than a year at an instrument factory. After returning to Eskilstuna for a short time after working for himself, worked for 3 years in the early 1890s in the drawing instruments department of Hadar Hallström's knife factory.

With a technical knowledge that he had gained from his time as journeyman in Germany, France and Italy, and a lathe as his only machinery, he founded his own workshop with 5 workers in 1895. In the same year received the Swedish Handicraft Association's honorary diploma for his drawing instruments [9]. 

Carl Ludvig Lindholm (*1820-†1892) Stockholm.

Carl Ludvig Lindholm, the company's founder, was born on 2 November 1820 in Stockholm. He was apprenticed to mathematical instrument maker Georg Gustaf Hasselström [12] in the 1840s, where he worked until he started his own business in 1851. When he passed away in 1892, he was succeeded by his son Carl Ludvig Eugen Lindholm (*1849), who ran the company until 1913, in which year his son, Axel Ludvig Lindholm (*1878), took over the business. In 1853 the company was located at Klara Norra Kyrkogata 7, and from 1890 to 1916 settling at Snickarbacken, where the business was run until 1917. When the company was expanded that year, and modern mechanical equipment was acquired, the business was moved to premises to Bergsgatan 29, where it was operated until 1935, when it moved to Mästersamuelsgatan 35. C.L. was the first dedicated maker of drawing instruments in Sweden. The production then of course was all done by hand. The company had a large annual production of drawing instrument sets, drawing compasses and ruling pens, which were sold both within and outside Sweden. In the late 1930s, among the company's staff of about ten people was the owner's sister, who has been active in the company's service for about forty years [11]. A number of mathematical instruments by Lindholm are found in the collection of the Tekniska Museet in Stockholm.

Carl Erik Rosén (*1832-†1900) Falun.

Carl Erik Rosén, clockmaker, born 1832 in Venjan. He was apprenticed to clockmaker Anders Petter Wiberg

(*1803-†1859) at Falun and took over his workshop upon his death in 1859 [16]. At the 10th agricultural exposition in Carlstad in 1862, Rosén's entry was a large set of drawing instruments for which he received a bronze medal [15]. He is also known for making prospector's compasses of the Sefström pattern. When he died in 1900, the business was taken over by his son Ernst Viktor Rosén (*1870), who moved the workshop and operations to Stockholm in 1905 and continued the business until about 1940. As seen by the 1887 advertisement, scales, pocket dividers, ruling and road pens, beam compasses, spirit levels and mining compasses were available in Rosén's shop. A number of mathematical instruments by Rosén have been preserved in the Tekniska Museet in Stockholm.

Johan Gustaf Hasselström (*1742-†1812) Stockholm.

Johan Gustaf Hasselström, apprenticed to the instrument maker Gabriel Östen Duhre (fl. 1763-1781) in Stockholm. Opened his own business in 1775 and two years later succeeded Johan Zacharias Steinholtz (fl. 1733-1776) subsidies. He worked in some form of partnership with Johan Ihrmark (fl. 1740-1780) for a few years until 1781, when Hasselström took over Johan Petter Rosenberg’s business, which Ihrmark had managed since 1777. Hasselström was a fine craftsman and made many and various instruments during his long career, maker to the Academy in the years 1777–1812. His marriage with Charlotta Segelin in 1786 produced at least 2 childern, Helena Maria born in 1790, and Georg Gustaf born in 1793. His wife continued the business under the name of Hasselström enka until her death in 1840 [17]. The Stockholm directories list Georg Gustaf's occupation as mathematical instrument maker at Enkhusgränd 16, but none of his production seems to have been preserved. Georg Gustaf died in 1861 [18]. This early set by J. G. Hasselström at the Tekniska Museet in Stockholm has perhaps the earliest known Swedish pattern drawing instruments. At the same museum is this notable set made in silver by Hasselström. 

Anton Ludvig Köhler (*1828;†1907) Visby.

Anton Ludvig Köhler, clockmaker, photographer and musical instrument maker. He was born 11 October 1828 in Visby to helmsman Johan Mathias Köhler and Anna Stina Söderberg.

It is known that Köhler was in Stockholm between 1844 and 1854, but if he was in training for a trade has not been recorded. In 1854 Köhler returned to Visby, his residence in block 36, worked for watchmaker Carl Petter Palm (*1810;†1897) and in 1858 married his daughter Johanna Palm (1838-1917). In 1861 he opened the first permanent photographic portrait studio in Visby, located at Södra Kyrkogatan 1 from 1864 to 1870. He then switched occupation from photographer to musical instrument maker.

It is unclear when Köhler may have made this linear planimeter, certainly after 1861, based on the ytberäknare or sometimes simply called kärra patented in 1861 by land surveyor Nils Fredrik Liedbeck (*1815;†1889).

Jonas Patrik Ljungström (*1827;†1898) Stockholm.

Jonas Patrik Ljungström, land surveyor, inventor and cartographer, born 1827 in Uddevalla, son of jeweller, inventor, and underwater diving pioneer Johan Jonas Patrik Ljungström (*1784;†1859) and Maria Christina Fredriksdotter Spaak. His brother was land surveyor Carl Adolph Ljungström (*1820;†1865) and his son was cartographer George Ljungström (*1861;†1930). Ljungström had a workshop for the manufacture of surveying instruments in Stockholm. The company was a participant at the Centennial International Exhibition of 1876 in Philadelphia, the entries were a special surveyors tripod, a distance telescope, a circular planimeter, a mirror-graphometer, a graphical theodolite and a pantograph. The first three of these instruments were property of the Public Surveying Bureau in Stockholm, the other three were manufactured at the cost of the Swedish Government, and they belonged to the State [24]. After his death in Stockholm in 1898, he was succeeded by his son instrument maker Axel Ljungström (*1864; †1919). J. F. Ljungström invented a number of notable instruments, among these, a cirkelplanimeter (shown below) and a plane table alidade. 

Ernst Gustaf Sjöstrand (*1877;†1922) Stockholm

Ernst Gustaf Sjöstrand invented the Homograf while he was still a student at the Stockholm University of Technology in 1898 [20]. The homograph was an instrument for copying, enlarging, or reducing plans, pictures and etc. Sjöstrand patented his Homograf in Sweden patent 9897 in 1897 and in Britain patent GB18981225A in 1898. Perhaps he was unaware that an identical construction was already in existence, named the eidograph having been invented in 1821 by William Wallace (*1768;†1843) Professor of Mathematics in Edinburgh [22,23]. In any case neither patent makes mention of William Wallace or the eidograph.

At the homograf's introduction in early 1898, Sjöstrand received orders for over 200 instruments. In order to execute these orders and to prepare to receive new orders, Sjöstrand established a company that could fabricate the instruments on a large scale. On 26 July 1898 Sjöstrand's father Ulrik Severin Sjöstrand (*1842;†1933), proprietor of a glassworks company in Steninge, entered the company as Sev. Sjöstrands Homograffabrik in the Stockholm Handelsregistret [21].

__________________________

[1] Riksarkivet SVAR-Svensk arkivinformation.

[2] Riksarkivet SE/D123/AS_814 Hadar Hallströms kniffabriks Aktiebolag (1882–1917).

[3] Svenskt porträttgalleri; Vol. 17, Hildebrand, Albin Wrangel, F. U. Bergenstråhle, Edvard Uggla, Torsten, Stockholm, Hasse W. Tullebergs Förlag 1905, p.106. 

[4] Hadar Hallströms Kniffabriks-Aktiebolag, 109, 110, 111, Sveriges industri - dess stormän och befrämjare II. 31-60 häftet Stockholm P. B. Eklunds förlag. [Projekt Runeberg]

[5] Sveriges äldsta företag, Forsstrand, Carl Wilhelm, Historiska Förlaget, Stockholm, 1923, p. 446.

[6] https://www.calix.se/en/calix/calix-history 

[7] Per Olof Fredrik Liljeqvist, ‘smides-fabr.’, born 03-10-1843 Calmar, died 26-05-1902 Eskilstuna [Family Search]. Blacksmith, founded 1877 Eskilstuna, 77 workers in 1896. [Eskilstuna kommun, Adresskalender 1896, p.157], P. Liljeqvists fabriker, Eskilstuna - 105, 106, 107, Sveriges industri - dess stormän och befrämjare II. 31-60 häftet Stockholm P. B. Eklunds förlag. [Projekt Runeberg]. 

[8] Matts Norrström, 'instrumentmakaren', born 24-02-1859 Eskilstuna, died 24-10-1899 Stockholm [Family Search]. 

[9] Hellberg, Knut; Järnets och smedernas Eskilstuna, Författarens förlag, 1937.

[10] Eskilstuna City Museum, photo collection, EMVY1065, EM2706, EM2707, EM2709, EM2710. 

[11] Nyblom, Gösta; Sveriges privata företagare, 1939-1943.

[12] Georg Gustaf Hasselström (1793-1861). His father Johan Gustaf Hasselström (1742-1812) was instrument maker to the Swedish Academy of Sciences, apprenticed to instrument maker G.O. Duhre in Stockholm, opened his own business in 1775.

[13] Nils Gabriel Sefström 

[14] Med hammare och fackla : årsbok - v. 12 (1942)

[15] Post- Och Inrikes Tidningar 04-08-1862 [KB Svenska dagstidningar]

[16] Dalpilen 19-11-1859 [KB Svenska dagstidningar]

[17] C. Hasselströms f. Segelin, d:s 21, 72 år., Dagligt Allehanda 1840-06-27. [KB Svenska dagstidningar]

[18] Georg G. Hasselström, Nya Dagligt Allehanda 1861-09-14. [KB Svenska dagstidningar]

[19] Pipping, Gunnar; The chamber of physics: instruments in the history of sciences collections of the Royal Swedish academy of Sciences, Stockholm 1977.

[20] Uppfinnaren är studenten vid Tekniska Högskolan E. G. Sjöstrand. Skaraborgs Läns Tidning 1898-02-26. [KB Svenska dagstidningar]

[21] Ulrik Severin Sjöstrand establishes “Sev. Sjöstrands Homograffarik”. Stockholms Dagblad 1898-07-28. [KB Svenska dagstidningar]

[22] Manfred Goebel, Elvira Malitte, Karin Richter, Heike Schlosser, Silvia Schöneburg, Rolf Sommer; Der Pantograph in historischen Veröffentlichungen des 17. bis 19. Jahrhunderts. Schriften zum Bibliotheks- und Büchereiwesen in Sachsen-Anhalt 84. Heiner Schnelling Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt. Halle (Saale) 2003, p.49.

[23] Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Nov. 5, 1821. Professor Wallace read a description of a new instrument which he calls an Eidograph, for copying drawings, either on an enlarged or reduced scale. The instrument was exhibited to the Society.

[24] Swedish catalogue ... International Exhibition, 1876, p.66. [Library of Congress]